The biogeography of genusLinaria was revealed by the available chromosome counts from all over the world.Chromosome numbers of 92 taxa of the genusLinaria are included in an on-line KARYOLOGICAL DATABASE.Furthermore, information about chromosome numbers taken from 374 literature sources was used in this paper.Each DATABASE record includes name of taxon, data on chromosome and data on the origin of the material and species-area distribution. Each DATABASE also provides a reported chromosome number and place of publication.More than half of the available species in chromosome data are diploid or consist of both diploid and polyploid populations and a few numbers of the species are polyploid. For the first time, in this study, mitosis and meiosis chromosome numbers of 13 populations belonging to three species, namelyL. lineolata Boiss (2n=2x=12), L.fastigiataChav. (2n=2x=12) and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill. (2n=2x=12), were determined by examining anthers.In addition, pollen stainability has been documented inLinaria populations in Iran.

A KARYOLOGICAL study of five species of the genus Astragalus (Leguminosae) from different geographic origin is of E. Azarbaijan is presented. The work deals with chromosome number and morphometry. The results showed that the basic number of chromosome is X=8 and Astragalus canolleanus, A. aharicus, A. echinops, A. angustiflorus and A. apricus with 16 chromosomes are diploid. Type of chromosomes in all species is metacenteric, sub- metacenteric and a sub-acrocentric in A. aharicus also is observed.

Fourteen populations of sections Hymenobrychis, Lophobrychis and Onobrychis of sainfoin were collected from natural habitats across Iran. Number and size of the chromosomes as well as karyotypic formula of the populations were measured and studied using their root tip meristemes. The basic chromosome number varied between x=7 and x=8 and their chromosomal types were metacentric and sub-metacentric. As for the genome length average, the highest belonged to O. viciaefolia (48.157.m) and the lowest to O. amoana subsp. meshhedensis (14.409.m). The results of variance analysis based on unbalanced completely randomized design showed significant differences among the populations for the most of the studied traits (P<%1). O. michauxii 2 classified as asymmetric class of B and others as A. O. amoena subsp. meshhedensis with 14m formula, stand in A class, had the most relative length of shortest chromosome (68.26), lowest intra chromosal asymmetrical (0.12), lowest differences of relative length (5.31), and the highest total form percentage was symmetrical species. Using principal components analysis, the first two components justified %97.94 of the total variance. By cutting dendrogram, resulted from cluster analysis based on the karyotypic parameters species, the highest distance was obtained between O. schahuensis 1 and O. viciaefolia and the lowest metric distance value was obtained between populations of O. schahuensis 1 and O. chorassanica 1.

To determine the distribution of Cicer species in Fars province, during the year of 2001, different parts of this province were visited and 18 habitats of various species were recognized. For identification the species, plant samples were collected from all habitats and 7 species C. arietinum, C. kermanense, C. tragacanthoides, C. spiroceras, C. subaphyllum. C. stapfianum and C. oxydon were identified. Chromosome studies on seedling root meristems such as: detection of chromosome number and karyotypic ideogram showed that all of the species were diploid and the chromosome numbers were 2x=2n=16. Genome analysis including the length of each chromosome, long and short arm length, long -short arm length ratio were performed. Using the table of Levan and Stebbins method, the type and karyotypical characters of the chromosome were identified.

In this study a stock of Apis mellifera meda from central part of Iran, from KARYOLOGICAL point of view was taken into consideration. Testes from drone of the milk-white eye puple and young larvae (3 to 4 instar larvae) were used. They were pretreatment by hypotonic -colchicine (0.4% KCl, 0.1 % colchicine) solution for 30 minutes and fixed in aceticacid – methanol (1:3v/v).The samples were stored a 20° c The preparation were made by squash technique and usual air dry method. Staining was carried out by acetic – orcein and giemsa solution for G-banding. The chromosome number of the haploid set for this stock was n=16 and they consists of 4 metacentric chromosomes, 12 submetacentric or subtelocentric chromosomes. the longest and the shortest chromosomes were 2.79 and 0.84p. The secondary constriction was clearly seen in the longest chromosome. G-banding paterns in this stock were not clear. Because, some bands location were changed in different of cells which were observed In many cells a B-chromosome were observed.

For the karyotype determination of Azarbayjanian native buffalo, peripheral blood Iymphocyte culture method was used in male and female buffaloes. The diploid model number of chromosomes showed 2n=50, out of which 24 pairs are autosomes. First five large pairs are submetacenteric and the rest of other 19 pairs are in telocenteric position. Two sex chromosomes are telocenteric too. The X chromosome is the largest telocentric in metaphase cells and the Y chromosome is also in telocentric group. G-band technique was used for adequate chromosome identification.

Annual species of Medicago are important pasture legumes in western parts of Iran. Due to limited karyotypic reports on annual Medicago species, the present study was conducted on accessions available in gene bank of Iran. Total length of chromosomes, size of long and short arms and their ratio were the basis for KARYOLOGICAL measurement. Karyotypic studies showed that M. radiata 29, M. radiata 588, M. minima 316, M. polymorpha 1123, M. orbicularis 449, M. litiralis 1038, M. trancatulla 1146 and M. polymorpha 612, carried 2n=2x=16 chromosomes and Medicago rigidula 2n=2x=14 chromosomes. Among species with 2n=2x=14, M. rigidula 1126 had the highest total chromosomal length and  M. rigidula 454 the least total length. Species M. littoralis 1038 and M. minima 316 both with 2n=2x=16, had the highest and the lowest total chromosomal length, respectively. Total chromosome length and mean of chromosome length in most of exotic species were more than those of landraces. Species and varieties with larger karyotype had larger seed size. B chromosome found only in the M. littoralis and M. polymorpha species. Satellite chromosome observed in varieties 606, 1126 and 1199 of M. rigidula, 1123 and 612 of M. polymorpha and M. radiata 588. Resultes of cluster analysis revealed that varieties and species with similar karyotypice size and mean chromosomal length, did not show any significant differences, hence they were located in one group. Factor analysis revealed that chromosomes number 5, 6, 7 (2x=14) and 7, 5, 2 (2x=16) showed maximum structural change among accessions. Karyotype symmetry were determined by using coefficient of variation (CV) and total form percentage (%TF). Resultes of CV showed that the most of variation between chromosomes belongs to M. polymorpha 612 and the least of variation between chromosomes belongs to M. rigidula 1128. According to TF, M. minima 316 had the most karyotype symmetry and M. rigidula 1126 showed the least karyotype symmetry.

In this study, we investigated KARYOLOGICAL characteristics variation of four Anthemis species selected from various locations of Iran. We used of a-bromonaphthalene for pretreatment, Lewitsky solution for fixation, 1N NaOH for hydrolysis and finally, aceto iron-hematoxylin for staining stage. Detailed karyotype features, i.e. total chromosome length (TL), total form percent (TF %), asymmetry index (AI), intrachromosomal asymmetry (A1) and interchromosomal asymmetry (A2) were also estimated. Somatic chromosome number were 2n=18 for all species. Karyotypic analysis showed a predominance of metacentric chromosomes and satellite was observed in the shape of microsatellite in almost all of them. The largest chromosome and genome length belong to A. altissima. In addition, the four studied species showed varying interachromosomal (A1; range = 0.28-0.40), and interchromosomal (A2; range = 0.12-0.15) asymmetry indices. According to Stebbins categories, they were separated to 2A (A. altissima, A. cotula & A. hyalina) and 1A (A. pseudocotula) karyotypic symmetry classes. A. pseudocotula had more symmetric karyotype than other species. Clustering of the Anthemis species and accesions based on cytogenetic data showed close relationship between A. cotula and A. hyaline. Chromosome count of A. hyaline and A. pseudocotula are reported here for the first time. Other two counts are agreement with the previous reports.

German chamomile, Matricaria recutita L., is a medicinal plant of Asteraceae family, which is known as the "star" among medicinal species and its use dates back to the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. In this study, four populations of M. recutita that were collected from different parts of Iran, were studied for chromosome and karyotypic characteristics. Squash method with Hematoxylin staining was used to prepare microscopic slides. Microscopic observations showed the number of somatic chromosomes was 2n=18 for all populations. The length (TL, LA and SA) and symmetry karyotype (AR, CI, TF%, DRL, SC, LA% and SA%), as well inter and intra chromosome asymmetry (A1 and A2) were calculated. Karyotypic formula analysis showed the predominance of metacentric chromosomes in all populations. Based on mean of measured traits, the longest chromosome and genome belonged to population 15123 (Arak). According to Stebbins classification, populations were categorized in two groups. Karyotype symmetry factors showed that two populations 15123 (Arak) and 8959 (Borujen) had asymmetric and symmetric karyotypes, respectively. In PCA, the first three components could explain the entire diversity of populations. The most diversity of populations was for chromosome length traits. According to Ward's clustering method, the populations were placed in three groups at a genetic distance of 2.32. In general, the existence of high genetic and cytogenetic diversity indicates the existence of high potential in the improvement of Matricaria genus and cross-breeding activities. The data obtained from this research are used in the future breeding programs of Matricaria L.